Solar Energy
3:53 AM Posted by Technology
As a tropical country, Indonesia has a relatively good potential of solar energy with average daily solar radiation of 4.8kWh/m 2 . To utilize such potential of solar energy, two technologies have been applied, namely thermal solar energy and photovoltaic solar energy.
A. PHOTOVOLTAIC
Photovoltaic solar energy is used to meet rural electricity requirement, water pump, television, telecommunication, and refrigerator (such as: in Community Health Centers and for the fish saving cabinet used by fisherman) with the total capacities of about 5 MW. The utilization of solar energy, especially in the form of SHS (Solar Home Systems) has reached the semi-commercial phase.
The barriers faced in the utilization of photovoltaic are:
- High investment cost. As the main part of photovoltaic; module, is still imported. There is no industry yet in Indonesia that can produce the module of photovoltaic;
- The price of photovoltaic energy could not compete to commercial energy, as high investment cost and the conventional energy is still subsidized;
- The market of photovoltaic is still limited;
- The absorption of photovoltaic technology is still low;
- Less support of infrastructure, such as: there is no service center in the village or isolated area, so if one of component of PV is broken, the user has to go to the city area to buy the new one. It will take a lot of money and time just to fix the PV;
- Less support on capability of service;
- As yet no sense of urgency and synergy among government institutions in application of regulation concerning renewable energy;
- In standardization, there is still no socialize yet, so many stakeholders and society still don't know about the standard of photovoltaic. Indonesia has many standards, but because there is no producer of module itself, the standards still not implement yet.
Government's programs in photovoltaic are:
- Develop photovoltaic system for rural electricity program, especially to fulfill the electricity need in isolated area.
- Increase the utilization of hybrid technology, especially to fulfill the lack of electricity supply from isolated power plant.
- Replace all or some part of supply for Small Social Customer and Small Household Customers of public electricity company with the photovoltaic system.
- Motivate the utilization of photovoltaic system at buildings, especially Government's buildings.
- Investigate the possibility of developing module industry in Indonesia to fulfill the local need and foreign.
- Motivate the private companies in utilize the photovoltaic.
- Implement some cooperation with other countries for big scale development of photovoltaic system.
B. SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY
Solar thermal energy in Indonesia is generally used for cooking (solar stove) , drying for agricultural products (plantation, fishery, forestry, food crops), and water heater. The use of thermal solar energy for cooking and drying for agricultural products is still very limited, while as water heater it has reached the commercial phase.
Some devices that produced in Indonesia are:
- Dryer ;
- Domestic water heather;
- Oven;
- Water pump with Rankine- Cycle and Isopentane as working fluid ;
- Solar Distillation/Stil l;
- Cooler
- Solar Sterilizer;
- The power-plant that using concentrator and working fluid with the low boiling point.
The barriers of solar thermal energy development are:
- Lack of socialization to the people of Indonesia ;
- Buying ability of society are low even the price of solar thermal devices are relatively cheap;
- The human resource in solar thermal energy field is limited. For this time, human resource is available in Java Island and only in the universities/academics.
Government's programs in solar thermal energy are:
- Do inventorying, identification, and mapping the potential and application of photo thermal technology countinuesly.
- Disseminate and transfer technology from developers to user (agro-industries, commercial building, etc) and national producer (manufacture, mechanic workshop, etc) by communication forum, education and training, and pilot project.
- Make national standardization of components and system of photo thermal technology.
- Investigate the financial schemes for national manufacturing development continuesly.
- Increase the research activities and development for all kind technologies of photo thermal.
- Increase the local production and investigate for the export possibility.
- Develop the high temperature photo thermal technology, such as: electricity generation, stirling machines, etc.
Arrest Energy Gas Transmission Pipe, English Can Generate Up to 1 GW
3:52 AM Posted by Technology
This has not been long, the UK interested in using the transmission pipe gasnya for electricity generation (greenoptimistic.com, january, 8). Different from the conventional concept of energy alistrik gas, which is used here in the flow of gas transmission pipeline. Not at the gas contained in the transmission pipe. No half-hearted, to reach its potential in the UK equivalent to a 1 GW nuclear plants.
An engineer from the national electricity network company, 2OC, interested to take advantage of the pressure in the gas transmission pipeline by using the mini-turbine to generate electricity. Individual berdiameter 20cm diameter and can produce electricity for up to 1MW.
Such technology is known as turbo-expander. Tahyn introduced since the 1980s, precisely 1983, San Diego Gas and Electric is the first company to install turboexpander into statiun dstribusi natural gas. However, due to the price economy that has not been feasible, turboexpander can not be developed further. Along with the trends in the utilization of alternative energy supported by the growing trend of energy prices is increasingly competitive, technology Dilirik start this again.
The simple principle works is when gas flows from high pressure to low pressure through a turbine, the turbine will rotate. This rotation is used to generate electricity. Turboexpander simultaneously will reduce the pressure at the point needed for local gas distribution network.
However, turboexpander also cause a cooling effect which is also called Joule-Thomson effect. However, the installation turboexpander can be combined with the power that produces waste heat as the fuel cell or other of the more conventional. This is a waste heat can be used to eliminate the effect of cooling turboexpander. Relationships symbiosis can increase the efficiency of the overall system.
For small-scale, 2OC akan do turboexpander testing technology in the area of east London with the aggregate capacity of 20MW. Turbo expander will be combined with heat and power engine (CHP) that will produce electricity as well as heat. Installing this system is estimated to reach up to 70% efficiency.
The scale of implementation is still very small. Overall still in the stage theory, but theory in the near future will become reality. And that, starting late this year the UK will be implementing the technology in turboekspander transmission pipeline network gas.Aw
An engineer from the national electricity network company, 2OC, interested to take advantage of the pressure in the gas transmission pipeline by using the mini-turbine to generate electricity. Individual berdiameter 20cm diameter and can produce electricity for up to 1MW.
Such technology is known as turbo-expander. Tahyn introduced since the 1980s, precisely 1983, San Diego Gas and Electric is the first company to install turboexpander into statiun dstribusi natural gas. However, due to the price economy that has not been feasible, turboexpander can not be developed further. Along with the trends in the utilization of alternative energy supported by the growing trend of energy prices is increasingly competitive, technology Dilirik start this again.
The simple principle works is when gas flows from high pressure to low pressure through a turbine, the turbine will rotate. This rotation is used to generate electricity. Turboexpander simultaneously will reduce the pressure at the point needed for local gas distribution network.
However, turboexpander also cause a cooling effect which is also called Joule-Thomson effect. However, the installation turboexpander can be combined with the power that produces waste heat as the fuel cell or other of the more conventional. This is a waste heat can be used to eliminate the effect of cooling turboexpander. Relationships symbiosis can increase the efficiency of the overall system.
For small-scale, 2OC akan do turboexpander testing technology in the area of east London with the aggregate capacity of 20MW. Turbo expander will be combined with heat and power engine (CHP) that will produce electricity as well as heat. Installing this system is estimated to reach up to 70% efficiency.
The scale of implementation is still very small. Overall still in the stage theory, but theory in the near future will become reality. And that, starting late this year the UK will be implementing the technology in turboekspander transmission pipeline network gas.Aw
Biotechnology
3:52 AM Posted by Technology
Biotechnology is the use of biochemistry, microbiology, and genetic engineering are integrated, to produce other goods or for the interests of mankind.
Learn the chemical structure of the biochemistry of organisms. Genetic engineering is the application of genetic mentransplantasi genes from one organism to another organism.
The main characteristic biotechnology:
1. There is a aBen biological microorganisms, plants or animals
2. There is pendayagunsan in technology and industry
3. The resulting product is the result of the extraction and purification
Gbr. Biotechnology functionality to meet the needs of human
The development of biotechnology:
1.
The era of first generation biotechnology biotechnology þ simple.
The use of microbes are still traditional, and in the production of food crops and food preservation.
Example:
making tempe, tape, vinegar, and others.
2.
Second-generation biotechnology era.
The process takes place in circumstances not sterile.
Example:
a. production of chemicals: aseton, citric acid
b. waste water treatment
c. making compost
3.
Third-generation biotechnology era.
Process in the sterile condition.
Example:
production of antibiotics and hormones
4.
New generation of biotechnology era þ new biotechnology.
Example:
production of insulin, Interferon, antibody monoklonal
Resurrection time bear the Red
3:51 AM Posted by Technology
President Vladimir Putin has been the resurrection military gong beat Red bear. Strategic bomber patrol flights remotely turned on again. War with the country partners dikobarkan. Moscow kept the capital rudal latest air defense. Didongkrak military budget is 30%. Does this foreshadow the resurrection of the ruler East?
There are two things that become priorities in the development of Russian military at this time. First, the Armed Forces (AB) Russia intended to prevent all attacks intend agresor the Russian land. Steps taken in the Russian government is constructing and mendayagunakan strategic nuclear forces to do the first strike before the enemy attacked that country.
This is indeed something new, said Piotr Butowski in article AirForces Monthly (July, 2007). Because, during Cold War, USSR guarantee will not have to strike first, especially by using nuclear power.
Second priority, is against all forms of aggression coming from the local in-country with the goal of stability, disrupt the country. How are taken for this is to improve the readiness of combat (combat readiness) of all elements of the Russian war. This means, the government of Russia will not take the road to compromise all forms of threat that can merutuhkan country Russian federation.
Program 2006-2015
In order to sustain the development needs of the military, the Russian budget has been increasing militernya 25-30%. In 2004 Russian military budget reached 138 billion ruble (£ 2.68 billion), 2005, increase to 184 billion ruble (£ 3.56 billion), and in 2006 a 236 billion ruble (£ 4.57 billion). Finally, in 2007 budget to be increased again 300.5 billion ruble (£ 5.9 billion). In fact, it should be noted, the annual inflation in Russia reached 9-11%.
Budget for 2007, almost half is used for the purchase and modernization of equipment. Then the 60 billion ruble for ruble and 97 billion for research and development.
2006-2015 shopping list of weapons has been poured in GVP-2015 signed by President Putin in November 2006. There, among others, called, as much as £ 96 billion budgeted for the costs pemodalan program 10 years. Most of the funds will be used for the development of the strategic nuclear forces, including the purchase of 66 rudal ballistic antarbenua (ICBM) Topol-M, development of 34 Komando Center ICBM launchers and the five sub-armed ballistic rudal.
2015, Komando Strategis akan Flight 50 the long-distance bomber aircraft and to upgrade the system with almost half avionik latest equipped rudal roaming. Included in this fleet is the Tu-95MS and Tu-160.
In ten years Russia AU (VVS) will receive at least 250 new aircraft and helicopters. While 770 of the operational units at this time will enter a workshop so that the equivalent capacity of the new aircraft. (World Defense Almanac notes, in 2003 the AU has 3,416 Russian aircraft).
Russian officials to provide information, some of these new aircraft including 58 tactical bomber Su-34 Fullback, 67 heli combat Mi-28, 12 heli combat Ka-52, 60 aircraft latih Yak-130 and 18 light transport plane Il-112V.
For air defense, VVS will also build 18 Skadron Rudal Antipesawat with rudal latest S-400 Triumf (SA-21 Growler). Rudal the same Batalion also used by Air Defense Forces in the vicinity of the capital Moscow.
Strengthening VVS
VVS has been merged with the Komando Air Defense (PVO) in 1998 at this time diawaki personnel by about 180,000 (half of the number of U.S. personnel AU). Shade 80 Resimen Air and approximately 30 Resimen Rudal Antipesawat. Komandonya headquarters is located in the Balashika, near Moscow, the other is not used to Headquarters Air Defense Komando. The staff at this time VVS dijabat Colonel General Alexander Zelin (appointed 10 May 2007), replacing Army General Vladimir Mikhailov who served since 21 January 2001.
Modernization also touched jet aircraft interceptor Mig-31BM FoxHound. Test prototype aircraft was conducted in the region Akhtubinsk. Besides testing the jet-jet combat upgraded also conducted in the Lipetks. For example, modernization combat jet Su-27SM tactical bomber and Su-24M2 Fencer aircraft and Su-25SM attacker.
Test conducted in various helicopter Torzhok. Among combat heli upgraded Mi-24PN Hind, Ka-50/52 and other. VVS also has a sub-division in the Army Air eight. Six of them have as to the property of Air Station Unit District Local Government. Meanwhile, two other Air Army built more independent with the goal functional (functional purpose). Namely 37th Air Army strategic bomber strength and long-distance strength 61st Air Army transport plane An-26 and An-12.
Currently AB Russia also examine the possibility of consolidation between Resimen Rudal VVS Antipesawat unit with the Space-Missile Defense (RKO). Once realized, the name will be the Air and Space Defense (VKO). President Putin has made plans to approve merger this two strategic command.
A result of neglect?
President of Russian decision to re-flight distance bomber patrols (17 / 8) based on frustration because "other countries" does not follow the Russian. "I hope that other countries understand our steps," Putin said on the sidelines of a military exercise with a large-scale Chinese state without details which dimaksudnya.
As known, since 1992 the Cold War era, Russia has stopped the program patrol bomber distance away. However, unilateral steps that have been implemented and Russia for 15 years under Putin this fact is not followed by other countries.
AFP news agency reported, at least 20 strategic bomber aircraft equipped rudal and supporting the fuel in the air, diterbangkan Russia in order to perform routine patrol 20 hours a day. They fly from the air base and seven to cover strategic areas in the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. "We hope that our partners understand this step. Pilot us too long unemployed, now they can rejoice because beraktifitas again," added Putin berdiplomasi.
In an article in the Christian Science Monitor, Fred Weir saw the new Russia as a consequence of a military gestures (movement signaling the military) in the diplomatic relations Russia-West (U.S.). He quoted a statement Sergei Stroklan, foreign relations experts of Russia said, "It is clear that the Kremlin is listening more and more to the general."
With more steps to activate the flight distance patrol bomber, and would not want Russia will "force" the U.S. and NATO to scramble aircraft pencegatnya. And this happened again since the era of Cold War ended.
Vizor SCO
Last month Russia and prospective new adidaya China joint military exercise involving six countries joined in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). Concentrated military training in Chelyabinsk region. Some 6500 personnel and over 100 aircraft involved in this exercise.
Indeed, Putin gave assertion that exercise does not have connection with the issue up Cold War-style Military Bloc. Appropriate destination SCO, founded in 2001, more cooperation is for the joint economic development in which the military budget at the end of each country akan terdongkrak by it.
However, some of the West nyinyir fixed rate and the SCO members China, Russia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyztan, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan as a "Club of Dictators." Response from Russia itself diverse. In general, they do not take care. See for example comments Ivan Safranchuk, Director of the World Security Institute in Moscow. He said, "SCO clearly wants the United States in order to leave Central Asia. That is primarily political."
Apart from the controversy over, Russia is likely to have a desire to restore the name of past Soviet era. Military expert Alexander Goltz cited CBSNews (19 / 8) provides stinging criticism. "Now our military leaders already have enough money to make a caricature kedidayaan Soviet military. Adidaya They want to restore it. But, the plan is still mixed-piggledy. They should be more realistic which can be and what does not. Restore symbols Soviet kedigdayaan certainly will not be that simple, "he said. (*)
Some of the Russian Military Fleet
Antonov: An-12, An-26, An-30, An-72, An-124
Ilyushin: Il-18, Il-22, Il-76/K/MD, Il-78 / F, Il-80, Il-82
Kamov: Ka-50, Ka-52, Ka-60
Mig: Mig-23, MiG-25U/RB, Mig-29, Mig-31, Mig-35
Mil: Mi-2, Mi-8/MT, Mi-17, Mi-24/PN, Mi-26
Sukhoi: Su-24/MR/SM, Su-25, Su-27, Su-30, Su-33, Su-34, Su-35
Tupolev: Tu-22MR/M3, Tu-95MS, Tu-134UBL/Sh, Tu-154, Tu-160
Yakovlev: Yak-18, Yak-130
Until 4500 Aircraft 2025
Russia menyanangkan making 4500 to 2025 aircraft. Cost needed to reach 250 billion U.S. dollars. Alexei Fyodorov, Director of Mig Corporation who is also General Director of the United Aircraft Corporation (UAC) months ago, said every month Russia will make 100 military aircraft, 100 transport aircraft and 300 civilian aircraft. UAC was established in 2006 as a mega-holding company pengoordinir making all aircraft in Russia. Most of the shares owned by the government UAC Russia. (ron)
Scutum New Moscow
Batalion strengthened its capital Moscow Air Defense bersenjatakan rudal land to air, the latest S-400 Triumf (SA-21 Growler) since 6 August 2007. S-400 made by the manufacturer Almaz Central Design Bureau. Have the ability invisible plane, jet combat, roaming rudal, rudal ballistic distance to reach 400 km. The ability of S-400 twice rudal Mim-104 Patriot U.S. production. (ron)
Pechora also Disiagakan
If rudal S-400 disiagakan to destroy the target distance, then rudal antipesawat latest Pechora-2M disiagakan for melumat target distance under 35 km. Jet seukuran combat F-16 can dilumat up to 30 km distance, while larger planes can digasak up to 35 km distance. Pechora-2M has the ability more than preceding S-125 Pechora (SA-3 Goa). Rudal this battery is not detected by rudal akan air to land antiradiasi AGM-88 Harm. Pechora-2M are mobile and can be installed in 25 minutes (S-125 takes three hours). No one, 10 of CIS defense ministry is kesengsem buy rudal this. (ron)
Reaction UK
Countries including the UK fire beard due to a routine patrol running Russia. Gen. mid evidence ago. AU English (RAF) immediately fly Eurofighter Typhoon jet interceptor mengintersep for the strategic bomber Tu-95MS Bear and Tu-160 Blackjack nyelonong the region near the air in the UK North Atlantic region. What Russian word? "Already we say, it's just a routine patrol in the areas we bomber Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific to the Black Sea and the North Pole," AU spokesman tangkis Russian Colonel Alexander Drobyshevsky. (ron)
There are two things that become priorities in the development of Russian military at this time. First, the Armed Forces (AB) Russia intended to prevent all attacks intend agresor the Russian land. Steps taken in the Russian government is constructing and mendayagunakan strategic nuclear forces to do the first strike before the enemy attacked that country.
This is indeed something new, said Piotr Butowski in article AirForces Monthly (July, 2007). Because, during Cold War, USSR guarantee will not have to strike first, especially by using nuclear power.
Second priority, is against all forms of aggression coming from the local in-country with the goal of stability, disrupt the country. How are taken for this is to improve the readiness of combat (combat readiness) of all elements of the Russian war. This means, the government of Russia will not take the road to compromise all forms of threat that can merutuhkan country Russian federation.
Program 2006-2015
In order to sustain the development needs of the military, the Russian budget has been increasing militernya 25-30%. In 2004 Russian military budget reached 138 billion ruble (£ 2.68 billion), 2005, increase to 184 billion ruble (£ 3.56 billion), and in 2006 a 236 billion ruble (£ 4.57 billion). Finally, in 2007 budget to be increased again 300.5 billion ruble (£ 5.9 billion). In fact, it should be noted, the annual inflation in Russia reached 9-11%.
Budget for 2007, almost half is used for the purchase and modernization of equipment. Then the 60 billion ruble for ruble and 97 billion for research and development.
2006-2015 shopping list of weapons has been poured in GVP-2015 signed by President Putin in November 2006. There, among others, called, as much as £ 96 billion budgeted for the costs pemodalan program 10 years. Most of the funds will be used for the development of the strategic nuclear forces, including the purchase of 66 rudal ballistic antarbenua (ICBM) Topol-M, development of 34 Komando Center ICBM launchers and the five sub-armed ballistic rudal.
2015, Komando Strategis akan Flight 50 the long-distance bomber aircraft and to upgrade the system with almost half avionik latest equipped rudal roaming. Included in this fleet is the Tu-95MS and Tu-160.
In ten years Russia AU (VVS) will receive at least 250 new aircraft and helicopters. While 770 of the operational units at this time will enter a workshop so that the equivalent capacity of the new aircraft. (World Defense Almanac notes, in 2003 the AU has 3,416 Russian aircraft).
Russian officials to provide information, some of these new aircraft including 58 tactical bomber Su-34 Fullback, 67 heli combat Mi-28, 12 heli combat Ka-52, 60 aircraft latih Yak-130 and 18 light transport plane Il-112V.
For air defense, VVS will also build 18 Skadron Rudal Antipesawat with rudal latest S-400 Triumf (SA-21 Growler). Rudal the same Batalion also used by Air Defense Forces in the vicinity of the capital Moscow.
Strengthening VVS
VVS has been merged with the Komando Air Defense (PVO) in 1998 at this time diawaki personnel by about 180,000 (half of the number of U.S. personnel AU). Shade 80 Resimen Air and approximately 30 Resimen Rudal Antipesawat. Komandonya headquarters is located in the Balashika, near Moscow, the other is not used to Headquarters Air Defense Komando. The staff at this time VVS dijabat Colonel General Alexander Zelin (appointed 10 May 2007), replacing Army General Vladimir Mikhailov who served since 21 January 2001.
Modernization also touched jet aircraft interceptor Mig-31BM FoxHound. Test prototype aircraft was conducted in the region Akhtubinsk. Besides testing the jet-jet combat upgraded also conducted in the Lipetks. For example, modernization combat jet Su-27SM tactical bomber and Su-24M2 Fencer aircraft and Su-25SM attacker.
Test conducted in various helicopter Torzhok. Among combat heli upgraded Mi-24PN Hind, Ka-50/52 and other. VVS also has a sub-division in the Army Air eight. Six of them have as to the property of Air Station Unit District Local Government. Meanwhile, two other Air Army built more independent with the goal functional (functional purpose). Namely 37th Air Army strategic bomber strength and long-distance strength 61st Air Army transport plane An-26 and An-12.
Currently AB Russia also examine the possibility of consolidation between Resimen Rudal VVS Antipesawat unit with the Space-Missile Defense (RKO). Once realized, the name will be the Air and Space Defense (VKO). President Putin has made plans to approve merger this two strategic command.
A result of neglect?
President of Russian decision to re-flight distance bomber patrols (17 / 8) based on frustration because "other countries" does not follow the Russian. "I hope that other countries understand our steps," Putin said on the sidelines of a military exercise with a large-scale Chinese state without details which dimaksudnya.
As known, since 1992 the Cold War era, Russia has stopped the program patrol bomber distance away. However, unilateral steps that have been implemented and Russia for 15 years under Putin this fact is not followed by other countries.
AFP news agency reported, at least 20 strategic bomber aircraft equipped rudal and supporting the fuel in the air, diterbangkan Russia in order to perform routine patrol 20 hours a day. They fly from the air base and seven to cover strategic areas in the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. "We hope that our partners understand this step. Pilot us too long unemployed, now they can rejoice because beraktifitas again," added Putin berdiplomasi.
In an article in the Christian Science Monitor, Fred Weir saw the new Russia as a consequence of a military gestures (movement signaling the military) in the diplomatic relations Russia-West (U.S.). He quoted a statement Sergei Stroklan, foreign relations experts of Russia said, "It is clear that the Kremlin is listening more and more to the general."
With more steps to activate the flight distance patrol bomber, and would not want Russia will "force" the U.S. and NATO to scramble aircraft pencegatnya. And this happened again since the era of Cold War ended.
Vizor SCO
Last month Russia and prospective new adidaya China joint military exercise involving six countries joined in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). Concentrated military training in Chelyabinsk region. Some 6500 personnel and over 100 aircraft involved in this exercise.
Indeed, Putin gave assertion that exercise does not have connection with the issue up Cold War-style Military Bloc. Appropriate destination SCO, founded in 2001, more cooperation is for the joint economic development in which the military budget at the end of each country akan terdongkrak by it.
However, some of the West nyinyir fixed rate and the SCO members China, Russia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyztan, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan as a "Club of Dictators." Response from Russia itself diverse. In general, they do not take care. See for example comments Ivan Safranchuk, Director of the World Security Institute in Moscow. He said, "SCO clearly wants the United States in order to leave Central Asia. That is primarily political."
Apart from the controversy over, Russia is likely to have a desire to restore the name of past Soviet era. Military expert Alexander Goltz cited CBSNews (19 / 8) provides stinging criticism. "Now our military leaders already have enough money to make a caricature kedidayaan Soviet military. Adidaya They want to restore it. But, the plan is still mixed-piggledy. They should be more realistic which can be and what does not. Restore symbols Soviet kedigdayaan certainly will not be that simple, "he said. (*)
Some of the Russian Military Fleet
Antonov: An-12, An-26, An-30, An-72, An-124
Ilyushin: Il-18, Il-22, Il-76/K/MD, Il-78 / F, Il-80, Il-82
Kamov: Ka-50, Ka-52, Ka-60
Mig: Mig-23, MiG-25U/RB, Mig-29, Mig-31, Mig-35
Mil: Mi-2, Mi-8/MT, Mi-17, Mi-24/PN, Mi-26
Sukhoi: Su-24/MR/SM, Su-25, Su-27, Su-30, Su-33, Su-34, Su-35
Tupolev: Tu-22MR/M3, Tu-95MS, Tu-134UBL/Sh, Tu-154, Tu-160
Yakovlev: Yak-18, Yak-130
Until 4500 Aircraft 2025
Russia menyanangkan making 4500 to 2025 aircraft. Cost needed to reach 250 billion U.S. dollars. Alexei Fyodorov, Director of Mig Corporation who is also General Director of the United Aircraft Corporation (UAC) months ago, said every month Russia will make 100 military aircraft, 100 transport aircraft and 300 civilian aircraft. UAC was established in 2006 as a mega-holding company pengoordinir making all aircraft in Russia. Most of the shares owned by the government UAC Russia. (ron)
Scutum New Moscow
Batalion strengthened its capital Moscow Air Defense bersenjatakan rudal land to air, the latest S-400 Triumf (SA-21 Growler) since 6 August 2007. S-400 made by the manufacturer Almaz Central Design Bureau. Have the ability invisible plane, jet combat, roaming rudal, rudal ballistic distance to reach 400 km. The ability of S-400 twice rudal Mim-104 Patriot U.S. production. (ron)
Pechora also Disiagakan
If rudal S-400 disiagakan to destroy the target distance, then rudal antipesawat latest Pechora-2M disiagakan for melumat target distance under 35 km. Jet seukuran combat F-16 can dilumat up to 30 km distance, while larger planes can digasak up to 35 km distance. Pechora-2M has the ability more than preceding S-125 Pechora (SA-3 Goa). Rudal this battery is not detected by rudal akan air to land antiradiasi AGM-88 Harm. Pechora-2M are mobile and can be installed in 25 minutes (S-125 takes three hours). No one, 10 of CIS defense ministry is kesengsem buy rudal this. (ron)
Reaction UK
Countries including the UK fire beard due to a routine patrol running Russia. Gen. mid evidence ago. AU English (RAF) immediately fly Eurofighter Typhoon jet interceptor mengintersep for the strategic bomber Tu-95MS Bear and Tu-160 Blackjack nyelonong the region near the air in the UK North Atlantic region. What Russian word? "Already we say, it's just a routine patrol in the areas we bomber Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific to the Black Sea and the North Pole," AU spokesman tangkis Russian Colonel Alexander Drobyshevsky. (ron)
The History of Computers
3:50 AM Posted by Technology
Computers that we use now is not necessarily appear as such but through a long process in evolution. Particulars may be the emergence of the computer can be seen in flashback history since Abacus uses - found in Babilonia (Iraq) around 5000 years ago - as a means of calculating the first, both in schools and among the traders, at that time. In the next period has been found many tools countdown Pascaline mechanical kind that is found by Blaine Pascal in 1642, Arithometer by Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar in 1820, Babbage's Folly by Charles Babbage in 1822, and by Hollerith Herman Hollerith in the year 1889. All machines are shaped entirely without electricity. The size and complexity of the structure is based on the level of the operation of the calculation is done. Then in 1940, a new era began in the computer electrical computer electrically finding that apply Boolean algebra system.
The development of computer technology that is described below in the top four for the next generation based on components that use, ranging from the size of "big" is analogous to the micro as well as the complexity of its components.
First generation
When this time is a giant computer-computer, such as Z3, Colossus, ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC I. Characteristics at the time of this computer are marked with a size almost equal to room, use the vacuum cleaner tube with a number of very much to store and process the orders or instructions, take thousands of watts of electricity, using machine language and can be used only by people trained. So, people will not be able to use the computer so that this type has not been dikomersialisasikan to the public. Only the large companies, educational institutions and government agencies that use them.
Second generation
This era begins with the transistor and dioda as a replacement of the tube so that the vacuum cleaner sizenya smaller than preceding generations. Other findings, namely the use of magnetic core memory that serves data store, so much faster in data processing, and machine language was replaced with assembly language (Fortran and Cobol) ease in the operation. Some examples on the computer this time, the Stretch, LARC, DEC PDP-8, IBM 1401, IBM 7090 and IBM 7094.
Third Generation
New era of computer communication start menapakkan feet on this momentum. Most companies implement a system of on-line using a remote terminal in the computer (read: on-line). This technology would also be supported by the performance of the computer that is better in terms of the use of hardware and software. The findings in the field of new hardware dilakoni with the emergence of IC (Integrated Circuit) components in the computer. Because the benefits in unify various components in a single chip so that the computer at the time the size of a small computer without lowering the performance of the resulting, and even improve the performance. In the software, programming techniques plural (Multi-Programming) have been developed so that the collection add various programming languages that exist. Cray-1, UNIVAC 90/30 and IBM 360 computers are some examples on this generation.
Fourth Generation
Along with the development of lajunya computer as a tool for processing data increasing rapidly, especially in this generation. The growing speed is proportionate to the inverse of the small size with the ability supported by a larger memory. The price is more affordable due to the components have been produced and sold the missal. At this period various IC incorporated into one unit called the component form with VLSI (Very Large Scale IC). Use of the software easier to develop and begin the computer-implemented on the home computer, such as word processing and spreadsheet. Internet network is also more knowledgeable that was only enjoyed by elite groups have now also can be used by lay people. Use mikroprosessor now absolutely no longer used only on the computer but have been applied to electronic products, such as television and microwave. See the development of the computer world is very high level of growth from the early generations up to now is how can we prediksikan characteristics of the computer on future generations. Maybe, the computer will not have to hold didikte by people but he can already do all sesuatunya own. Dikata ability may have human-like versatility. Such as the ability (or Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelegence) is now actively examined by developed countries such as Japan and the United States.
Author
Azhar Bakri H.
READ MORE - The History of Computers
The development of computer technology that is described below in the top four for the next generation based on components that use, ranging from the size of "big" is analogous to the micro as well as the complexity of its components.
First generation
When this time is a giant computer-computer, such as Z3, Colossus, ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC I. Characteristics at the time of this computer are marked with a size almost equal to room, use the vacuum cleaner tube with a number of very much to store and process the orders or instructions, take thousands of watts of electricity, using machine language and can be used only by people trained. So, people will not be able to use the computer so that this type has not been dikomersialisasikan to the public. Only the large companies, educational institutions and government agencies that use them.
Second generation
This era begins with the transistor and dioda as a replacement of the tube so that the vacuum cleaner sizenya smaller than preceding generations. Other findings, namely the use of magnetic core memory that serves data store, so much faster in data processing, and machine language was replaced with assembly language (Fortran and Cobol) ease in the operation. Some examples on the computer this time, the Stretch, LARC, DEC PDP-8, IBM 1401, IBM 7090 and IBM 7094.
Third Generation
New era of computer communication start menapakkan feet on this momentum. Most companies implement a system of on-line using a remote terminal in the computer (read: on-line). This technology would also be supported by the performance of the computer that is better in terms of the use of hardware and software. The findings in the field of new hardware dilakoni with the emergence of IC (Integrated Circuit) components in the computer. Because the benefits in unify various components in a single chip so that the computer at the time the size of a small computer without lowering the performance of the resulting, and even improve the performance. In the software, programming techniques plural (Multi-Programming) have been developed so that the collection add various programming languages that exist. Cray-1, UNIVAC 90/30 and IBM 360 computers are some examples on this generation.
Fourth Generation
Along with the development of lajunya computer as a tool for processing data increasing rapidly, especially in this generation. The growing speed is proportionate to the inverse of the small size with the ability supported by a larger memory. The price is more affordable due to the components have been produced and sold the missal. At this period various IC incorporated into one unit called the component form with VLSI (Very Large Scale IC). Use of the software easier to develop and begin the computer-implemented on the home computer, such as word processing and spreadsheet. Internet network is also more knowledgeable that was only enjoyed by elite groups have now also can be used by lay people. Use mikroprosessor now absolutely no longer used only on the computer but have been applied to electronic products, such as television and microwave. See the development of the computer world is very high level of growth from the early generations up to now is how can we prediksikan characteristics of the computer on future generations. Maybe, the computer will not have to hold didikte by people but he can already do all sesuatunya own. Dikata ability may have human-like versatility. Such as the ability (or Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelegence) is now actively examined by developed countries such as Japan and the United States.
Author
Azhar Bakri H.